If you had rust staining on top of light colored paint, sometimes you cant get that staining off so it doesn't look rustier than it is. Is that what you are trying to do, or are you trying to stop the progression of the rust?
I once used Blue Lightning rust remover and a rag on an area of surface rust that had just started to discolor the white paint on a '63 Riviera; it cleaned up very well and I was able to polish and buff it out. How permanent it was, I don't know (it had just been moved to the high desert, so at least it would stay dry). If the rust is any deeper than just discolored, YMMV. There's also that Safest Rust Remover which was used to clean up the buried '57 Plymouth from Tulsa; not a lot of metal left but the paint held up well.